雅思阅读

简析雅思阅读中的判断题

朗阁海外考试研究中心祝丹霞

判断题一直被归为雅思阅读题型中的简单题，主要基于该题型有两个特点。第一：该题型大部分是有序的（除剑十有例外）；第二：该题型定位词明显不太容易被替换。但是，就笔者在教学过程当中发现，该题型的准确率却不是很高。这样的矛盾引起了我的兴趣，本篇文章将从判断题的做题步骤，判断题易错点，以及判断题的做题方法三个方向切入，希望对考生有帮助。

判断题的呈现形式一般是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN, 或者YES/NO/NOT GIVEN。两者的区别在于前者是问到的题目所给的句子是否agree with the information given in the passage，而后者的选择标准则是题目中包含的句子是否agree with the views of the writer，但是两者是没有本质区别的。所以我们选择剑五当中的一篇文章来进行做题步骤的分析。

剑桥真题分析

The Effects of Light on Plant and Animal Species

光对动植物的影响

Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly, it is used as a cue 光对生物来说很重要，有2方面不同的原因。首先，不管是对动物还是植物，

for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plant and animals, and secondly 光线都是日长和季节变化的一个提示。

it is used to assist growth in plants.

其次，光益于植物生长。

Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable 大多数的生物繁衍都仅是在一年的某个时段，所以就需要一个稳定的暗示来引发繁殖行为。

cue is needed to trigger breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because

日长就是一个很好的暗示。

it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the

因为一年四季日照时长的变化完全是可预测的

temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day 春天，温带地区，每天气温波动极大，

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length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day

但是日照时长变化稳定。

length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of

日照时长的四季变化在生物学上叫做光周期现象。

experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some

这是有证可依的。

species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing

比如，一些物种的鸟类繁衍受日照时长的延长竟会选择在冬至繁衍。

day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in

另一个光周期现象发生在植物身上。plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. 当白天少于某个临界长度时，一种短日照植物开花

A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases 当白天超过某个临界长度时，一种长日照植物开花

the critical day length differs from species to species. Plant which flower after a

两种情况下，临界日照时长随着物种变化而变化

period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.植物生长一段时间后不管光周期怎样都开花，这样的植物叫做日中性植物

Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival.

经过不断演化，动物的繁殖季，比如鸟类，会选择一年里能让幼崽有最大生存机会的时候。Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging.

繁殖季开始前，必须建立食物储备以支持生育的能源成本，和供食幼鸟在窝巢直至到能飞。

Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. 因此很多温带地区的鸟类就利用春季日照延长作为开始筑巢周期的一个暗示。因为在这一点上，充足的粮食资源将得到保证。

The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plant is also clear.

光周期现象在植物中的适应性意义也很明显。

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Short-day plant that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season.

温带地区春季开花的短日照植物，在生长季节适应使幼苗生长最大化。

Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening.

长日照植物适应于需要昆虫施肥的环境，或需要很长时间种子成熟的环境。

Short-day plant that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds.

温带地区秋季开花的短日照植物能够在生长季节和冬季为种子建立粮食储备

Day-neutral plant has an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain.

当繁殖的有利时期和白昼长度之间的联系不那么确定时，日中性植物具有进化优势。

For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.

例如，沙漠一年生植物，不管一天的长短，只要有合适的降雨，就会发芽、开花和结籽。

The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths.

部分植物的繁殖季能被推迟到很长时间。

Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976).

竹子是一种多年生草本植物，它处于植物状态多年，然后突然开花、结果并死亡

Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884.

牙买加岛上的每一种竹子都开花、结子，并在1884年死亡。

The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years.

下一代竹子在1916年到1918年之间开花并死亡，这表明一个大约31年的植物周期。

The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear.

这种开花周期的气候触发因素尚不清楚，但其适应性意义是明确的。

The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying I2 to I5 centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).

同时产生大量的竹子种子(在某些情况下，竹子种子埋在地下2到15厘米深的地方)，这超过了当时所有以种子为食的动物所能承受的，因此一些种子逃脱了被吃掉，并成长为下一代

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The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis.光重要的第二个原因是对有机体来说进行光合作用的必要成分。

This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth.

这就是植物利用太阳能把来自土壤和水的二氧化碳转化为生长所需有机物质的过程。

The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon.

植物的光合作用速率能通过二氧化碳的吸收速率来计算。

There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity.

光照强度不同，植物的光合作用程度也不同。

Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.

有些植物在四分之一全日照时达到最大光合作用，而有些植物，如甘蔗，从未达到最大光合作用，但随着光强的增加，光合作用速率不断提高。

Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species.

通常，植物能被分为两组：耐阴植物和不耐阴植物。

This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture.

这种分类在林业和园艺业常被应用。

Shade-tolerant plant has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species.

耐阴植物光合作用的速率低，因此生长速率比不耐阴植物要慢。

Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats.

植物物种适应生活在特定的栖息地，并在这个过程中演变出一系列的特征，阻止他们占领其他栖息地。

Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations.

Grime(1966)认为光可能是引导这些适应性变化的主要因素之一。

雅思阅读

For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.

例如，东方铁杉幼苗是耐阴的。它们能够在非常低的光照条件下在森林林下生存，因为它们的光合速率很低。

Questions 27-33

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27 33 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27. There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.

28. Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.

29. Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.

30. Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.

31. Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.

32. Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm.

33. Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.

上文笔者就提及了判断题的两个特点，其中之一就是绝大部分有序，所以这篇文章的定位相对来说就会比较简单。关于定位词的选择这里不再赘述，所以按照做题步骤，我会建议首先学生需要找到两个或者每个题目的定位词。

27. 定位词：scientific evidence, photoperiodism;

28. 定位词：bird, out of season;

29. 定位词：photoperiodism, geographic areas;

30. 定位词：desert annuals, long-day plants;

31. 定位词：bamboos, life cycle;

32. 定位词：scientists, chusqueaabietifolia’s seasonal rhythm;

33. 定位词：eastern hemlock, fast-growing plant.

第二步，拿着最起码两个题目的定位词回到原文找到原句进行同义转述的分析。

27. 根据题目中的关键词，定位到“The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable.”这个句子应该不是难点。重点在于the amount of … is

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considerable就等同于plenty of…, 所以答案就是TRUE。（注：considerable这个词会有学生有问题）

28. 根据关键词定位接下来的一句话“For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964).”重点out of season等同于induced even in midwinter，所以答案就是TRUE。

29. 题目当中的关键词并不能找到可以定位的句子，所以答案就是NOT GIVEN。（注：这个题目的定位和下一个题的定位相距较远，所以我会在这之前建议学生至少拿两个题目的关键词一起来定位，为了预防学生在看到NOT GIVEN题的时候会纠结反复阅读文章。因为判断题是顺序题，所以下一个题的关键词出现的时候该题目还没能定位到，那么答案一定是NOT GIVEN）

30. 关键词还是比较好定位的，是专有名词，直接定位到该句子“For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.”看到很明显的for example，往前面看一句就会发现desert annual是很明显的day-neutral plant，所以答案就可以选择FALSE。（注：定位一定要带上主语的原因在该题目中有体现，如果只拿long-day plant来定位，那么这个题目很有可能会误选NOT GIVEN）

31. 通过bamboo来定位到接下来一段话，具体句子是“Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976).”“flower, fruit and die”恰好和“flower several times ”相反，所以答案是FALSE。

32. 定位并不是问题，但是句子有一些变化，对于基础较差的学生来说会是一个比较大的问题。通过专有名词来看，我们可以确定到相关句子，“Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884.”但是该句子并没有答案。（注：一般判断题是定位到哪句，答案就在哪句，不会跨句，这也是该题型简单的另一个原因）继续往下看，“The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear.”所以答案为TRUE。

33. 该题目相对有点特殊，因为定位到的句子是“For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant.”但是并未提及是属于快还是慢，所以我们得往前看关于shade-tolerant 的定义，然后我们就可以看到“Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species.”确定答案为

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FALSE。（注：再强调一遍，判断题定位句和答案为同一句，该题跨句的原因是定位到的内容是专有的，类似的题目还出现在剑七air traffic control in the USA那篇文章）

做题顺序整理

第一：确定关键词（建议两道题目一起）；

第二：确定考点；

第三：回到原文找到对应句子；

第四：同义转述进行排除。

学生易错点分析

1. 词汇量不够，导致过分关注个别学生认为可以定位的“关键词”

例：(C4T1P1)

Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about ‘pure', curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.

2. Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.

3. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they study at school.

4. The fact that children's ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.

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5. The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as 'Are there any rainforests in Africa?'

6. Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests' destruction.

7. The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children's understanding of rainforests.

8. A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children's ideas about rainforests.

关于这篇文章中的第三题，第一步，定位词为“pure science”，非常明显，也可以很快定位到原文第二段的首句，根据不跨句原则可以马上得出答案，但是很多学生会纠结“they study at school”这个点，从而导致不敢选择正确答案TRUE，而认为是NOT GIVEN。主要是因为curriculum这个单词的理解障碍，意思就是课程，当然就是学校学习的意思。

2. 过度纠结某个词或者词组的意思，导致错误答案

例：(C5T1P1)

For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray's tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.

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Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid £1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent I7 Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

James Boswell, his biographer described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8. The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.

9. Johnson has become more well known since his death.

10. Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.

11. Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.

12. Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.

13. Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.

该篇文章的第八题也是学生比较容易出错的一个点。定位也不是问题，拿到middle class马上可以定位到“beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer--lexical as well as social and commercial.”但是因为led to是导致的意思，而associate with是与…有关的意思，所以很多学生会选择该答案是FALSE。这就是一个非常典型的过分纠结词汇内容而出错的点。

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做题建议

就像笔者之前在做题步骤当中强调的第二步，我认为判断题的出题要求并不是需要学生对整个句子的判定，而是词或者词组的正误判断，并且我把这样的词或者词组整理为四大类。

第一类，也是最大类就是谓语动词的判定

例：前面的27题就是一个典型的谓语动词考点，is plenty of，我们只需要回到原文对应到the amount of … considerable就可以马上确定答案是TRUE。

第二类，比较级最高级考点

例：(C8T4P1)

A Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?

6. There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.

题目中有出现明显比较级，a wider range of，所以根据定位词回到原文我们寻找的焦点也应该是比较级，a significantly better，但是这个比较级说的是平均成绩，所以继续往下看，“Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.”正确答案应该是对应这句话得出TRUE。

第三类，因果关系考点

例：(C8T1P2)

An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming

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quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

7. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.

很多学生看到这道题目会觉得答案应该是NOT GIVEN, 因为在原文并没有看到jet engine这个东西，但是根据因果关系考点，我们可以看到题目当中有一个非常明显的因果关系逻辑词，as a result of，根据定位词回到原文找到因果关系result in，所以答案就会选择FALSE。

第四类，数字考点（注意精准性）

该考点是比较简单也比较小的一类，注意看到一些副词的修饰就可以了。

例：(C7T4P2)

Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totaled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades’ average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

20. During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.

该题目的定位显而易见，数字定位很容易，也能对应得上，但是题目中是average，而原文是in excess of，所以答案就是FALSE。

在本篇文章中，我们不再赘述网上比较常见的选择正误或者未提及的标准，而强调从学生出现问题的方向入手，从根本方向去判定答案。