5．由于历史、政治和经济上的原因，全世界讲英语、用英语的人为数最多。但是英语之所

以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英语自身的一些特性和特点不无相关。其中最重要的一点就是英语特别容易接受和适应—英语中的词汇吸收了全世界几乎所有主要语言的

材料。

难点注释：1）流行popularity

2）自身特性和特点qualities and characteristics in itself

3）不无相关have to do with

4）容易接受和适应receptive and adaptable

5）吸收take into

5．The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world for historical，political，and economic reasons. But it may also be true that the popularity of English language has much to do with some qualities and characteristics in itself. First and most important

is its extraordinarily receptivity and adaptability-it has taken materials into its own vocabulary from almost all major languages in the world.

6．多年来，家长和老师都曾得到过这样一种信息：尽量利用任何机会表扬孩子，对他们所

干的任何事情都要说好—据说这样做有助于提高孩子的自尊。但是近年来许多教育家和儿童

心理学家正在得出一种完全相反的结论，他们认为对孩子往往少一些赞扬为好。

难点注释：1）得到信息get the message

2）尽量利用任何at almost any opportunity

3）自尊self-esteem

4）儿童心理学家child psychologist

5）得出完全相反的结论drawing a completely different conclusion

6．For years，parents and teachers got the message that children should be praised at almost any

job”for everything they do，as they believe，helps raise their opportunity，that saying“good

self-esteem. But many educators and child psychologists are drawing a completely different conclusion：less praise is often better for their children.

7．会议期间，有3个问题受到了特别重视，它们是：加强和巩固农业在国民经济中的地位

和作用，提高农民收人；调整和改进产业结构，改进和加快区域性经济发展；努力工作，加

快下岗工人就业和再就业步伐，改善社会保障制度。

难点注释：1）受到特别重视be highlighted for special attention

2）加强和巩固consolidate and strengthen

3）调整和改进readjust and optimize

4）区域性经济regional economies

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5）下岗工人laid-off workers

7．During the meeting，three aspects have been highlighted for special attention over next. They are：consolidate and strengthen the fundamental role of agriculture in the national economy and increase farmers' income；readjust and optimize the industrial structure for the promotion of coordinated development of regional economies；work hard to boost employment and the reemployment of laid-off workers，and improve the social security network．

8．当今世界的竞争是人才的竞争。因此，党中央决定从海外我们的留学生中，从香港、澳

门、台湾吸收和利用人才来加强我们在世界上的竞争能力。引进这些人才的重点是那些开放

程度越来越大、竞争越来越激烈的部门，比如说银行、保险等行业，以及国有大型企业的管

理层。

难点注释：1）人才talented professionals.

2）海外留学生overseas students

3）吸收和利用人才absorb and make use of

4）引进人才introduce talented people from outside

5）银行、保险业banking，insurance industry

6）国有大型企业large state-owned enterprise

8．In today's world，competition among states is mainly a competition among talentedprofessionals. Therefore，it is a decision adopted by the CPC Central Committee to fully absorb and make use of the talented people among our overseas students and among the professionals in Hongkong，Macao and Taiwan. This will help us strengthen our competitive edge. The departments that would introduce talented people from outside are those that are exposed to increasingly fierce competition and that are open wider to the outsider world，such as banking，insurance industry，large state-owned enterprises，etc.

13．从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的一百年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，则是为了实现祖国的

富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年，取得了巨大的进展，再经过五十年的奋斗，也必将胜利完成。

难点注释：1）20世纪中叶the mid-20th century

2）奋斗endeavor

3）民族的伟大复兴the nation immensely rejuvenated

4）历史伟业historic cause

13．All endeavors by the Chinese people for the 100 years from the mid-20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our motherland strong，the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvenated. Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this

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historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progress，and it will successfully attain the objective through hard work in the coming 50 years.

14．中国的体育运动经历了几千年的发展，但直到1949年中华人民共和国成立后才成为国

家的事业。目前，一个全国范围的体育运动网已经建立起来，这方面的开支也被列人国家预

算之中。在过去的五十年中，由于体育工作者和体育运动员的共同努力，我国的体育运动取

得了可喜的成绩。

难点注释：1）经历undergo

2）国家的事业an undertaking of the state

3）体育运动网network for physical culture

4）列人国家预算include in the state budget

5）可喜的成绩gratifying achievement

14．China's sports have undergone several thousand years of development. But they were not regarded as an undertaking of the state until 1949，when the People's Republic of China was founded. Now a nation-wide network for physical culture has been set up and expenditure on this field has been included in the state budget. With the concerted efforts of sports workers and athletes，gratifying achievements have been made in physical culture and sports in the past 50 years.

15．展望新世纪初的国内外形势，未来五到十年，是我国经济和社会发展极为重要的时期。

世界新科技革命迅猛发展，经济全球化趋势增强，许多周边国家正在加快发展。所有这些既对我们提出了严峻挑战，也为我们提供了迎头赶上、实现跨越式发展的历史性机遇。

难点注释：1）极为重要的时期an extremely important period

2）全球化趋势the economic globalization trend

3）周边国家neighboring countries

4）严峻挑战severe challenge

5）跨越式发展development by leaps and bounds

\15．Looking ahead at the situation at home and abroad at the beginning of the 21st century，it can be said that the next five to ten years will be an extremely important period for China's economic

and social development. The worldwide new scientific and technological revolution is progressing rapidly with great momentum. The economic globalization trend is gaining strength. Many neighboring countries are accelerating their development. All this serves as a severe challenge as well as a historic opportunity for us to strive to catch up and achieve development by leaps and bounds.

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16．森林给人提供木材，还能调节气候、保持水土、防风固沙、改善水质、防烟防尘、消毒

杀菌、减少噪声、美化环境、维持及改善生态平衡。如果没有绿色植物不断制造氧气和吸收

有害的气体，人类就无法生存。人们的健康与空气的优劣有关，而空气的优劣又与森林的多

少有关。

难点注释：1）调节气候regulate climate

2）保持水土conserve water and soil

3）防风固沙wall off wind，fix sands

4）消毒杀菌sterilize（purify）the air

5）生态平衡ecological balance

16．Apart from providing people with timber，forests help regulate climate，conserve water and soil，wall off wind，fix sands，improve water quality，keep away smoke and dust，sterilize（purify）the air，reduce noise，beautify surroundings，maintain and improve ecological balance. Man would not be able to exist without green plants producing oxygen and absorbing harmful gases all the time. Man's health is closely related to thequality of the air，which in turn is decided by the size （extent）of forests.

17．许多树木都能吸收空气中的有害物质和致癌物质。林区空气中的细菌数量只有无林区的

百分之一，而百货商店内每立方米空气中则含有四百多万个细菌。绿化区可以使噪音减弱四

分之一左右。森林上空和附近的空气的含水量比无林地区多百分之十至二十。

难点注释：1）致癌物质cancer-causing substances

2）每立方米per cubic meter

3）含水量moisture content

17．Many kinds of trees can absorb poisonous and cancer-causing substances in the air. The amount of bacteria in a forest area makes up but 1％of that in a deforested area，while the air in a department store contains more than 4 million bacteria per cubic meter. A tree-covered area may reduce noise by a quarter. Moisture content in the air above or around a forest is 10%-20% more than that of the places devoid of forest.

18．到2020年，全世界癌症的发病率有可能增加50个百分点，每年可能将出现1500万新病例。世界健康组织全球癌症报告指出，如果不采取积极的预防措施，这样的趋势将无法避免。因为这是从已经形成的生活习惯—例如抽烟—滋生出来的。

难点注释：1）癌症的发病率cancer rate

2）世界健康组织The World Health Organization

3）无法避免inevitable

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18．Cancer rates worldwide could increase by 50 percent by 2020，reaching 15 million new cases a year. The World Health Organization's World Cancer Report says that if no preventive measures are taken increases of this order are inevitable because they stem from habits-such as smoking-that are already established.

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一、Chinese Dragon

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse

and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同

步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

二、Yangko

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩

的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

三、The Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;

or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看

菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

四、Dumplings

favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s

Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds

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of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese

people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show

high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the

new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）

擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食

不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓

意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少

的内容。

五、Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the

theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the

“main and collateral channels”　

channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using

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needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate th patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages,

acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the

world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese

martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the

new national treasures.”　

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和

气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用

针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗

病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被

海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

六、Chinese Kung Fu

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a

traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions

engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the

(otherwise known as

Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony”　

and “cultivating qi”　

nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese

kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and

emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the

ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of

weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as

shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang),

and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords

and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富

的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。

中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命

和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；

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器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

七、Chinese Characters

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five

(the vertical stroke), basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“　(the horizontal stroke) “│”　

乙” (the turning stroke).

＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “

“／”( the left-falling stroke), “

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的

独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字

又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”

天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

八、Chinese Chopsticks

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example,

the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one

own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony i s what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古

时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国

民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的

方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

九、Chinese Seal

A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals

used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is

to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of

intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，

而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印

章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色

钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

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十一、Beijing Opera

Praised as “Oriental O pera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It

originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the

end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of

opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix

fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized

acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing

(painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是

南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演

艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的

表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男

性女性皆有）四大行当。

十三、Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are

established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that

is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms

consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve

oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort).

Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and

well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great

vitality.

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的

生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系

起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富

的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

十五、Chinese Classical Garden

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind

of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and

buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is

W hen you go sightseeing in a

“artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.”　

Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “m the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the w three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the

world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑

艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自

然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，

被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the

scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study. writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.

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In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The

ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty

particularly referred to hubi, the writing (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study”　

brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the

ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is. 笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国

可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有

了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特

指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

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