雅思阅读基础班教案step1

教学目标：

1.了解雅思阅读；

2.了解雅思阅读真经总纲；

3.找到顺序感，学会定位词，并掌握正确的阅读方法。

教学步骤：

1.大致了解雅思阅读；

2.快速看总纲；

3.学习两种常见的出题顺序及其阅读方法；

4.学习如何快速在原文中定位题目信息；

5.总结并强调真经阅读法。

教学过程：

I.关于雅思阅读

1.雅思阅读的特点

雅思阅读考试与其他考试相比特点突出：阅读量大（2700单词左右），时间短（60分钟），但是文章中有的自然段不出题（无效信息不用读）。雅思阅读有两种：General Training和Academic Training, 试卷不同。

A类与G类内容相同之处在于A类除生活化范畴之外，加入考生在学业上、学术上的探讨与了解，而G类较着重于社会上的、语言的、

工作训练等的主题。

Academic training类与General training类的考题都以"三大段"的文章为基本结构,大约1500-3000字之间,内容多样,甚至有时以图表、表格的方式出现,学生答题的方式亦有多种答题形式,每篇文章后约有13道题目，共约38-42题。

注意：阅读部分的主题并不是为了考察学生对学术的专业度或认知度，所以学生千万别因对主题的陌生而紧张起来。

雅思官方网站称雅思阅读是“Reading with Purpose” ,就是“有目

的的阅读”。这个purpose其实就是解题，就是带着题目中的定位词

阅读。所以雅思阅读就是“以解题为目的的阅读”，一定要先读题。从这个意义上讲，“雅思阅读就是不读文章，直接做题”。

2. 雅思阅读题型介绍

雅思阅读题型汇总

1 Matching题型从属关系搭配或对应

2 Summary题型摘要填空

3 Short answer questions题型简答题

4 True/False/Not Given题型是非题

5 Headings题型找小标题

6 Multiple choice题型选择题

7 Sentence completion题型完成句子

8 Diagram/flowchart/table completion题型填表填图

9 其他题型直接填空、多选多+排序、

全文主旨

雅思阅读题型分类

主旨类细节类

标题对应Matching 最佳标题Titles

概述题Summary 判断题True/False/Not Given 配对题Matching

填空题Sentence completion 简答题

图表题Diagram/flowchart/table 选择题Multiple choice

一个小建议：每天应保证阅读量

实力的恢复，决非一两个星期能见效。因此，每天应保证至少半个小时的阅读量。通过阅读，恢复语感。阅读过程中，注意力不应放在生词上，而应放在获取信息上。读不懂的地方，先跳过去，保持一定的阅读速度，读词群，而不是读单个的词，否则会影响你的理解力。材料内容越广泛越好，只要是英文材料，无论是报刊杂志，小说，还是说明书，都可以拿来读。这样可以为强化阶段的挑信息式的速读打好基础。

II.雅思阅读真经总纲（by Liu Hongbo）阅读先看题，定位快寻觅，

两种题后做，优先细节题，

同义替换多，单词有灵犀。

填词有规律，前后找痕迹，

并列需细查，生词不用疑，

难度为中等，变换四种体。

填表填图题，一见笑眯眯，

顺藤能摸瓜，按图可索骥，

答案常集中，原是送分题。

段落选标题，连锁不简单，

段中找两点，中心藏后边。

判断实不难，真假未提及，

末段少驳斥，首题少NG。

我有七种意，天下剑桥题。

多选找并列，单选是TRUE题，

如遇选标题，末段加大意。

匹配乱序多，定位找同义，

段落含信息，小心有NB。

莫夸境界高，无招胜有招，

三剑已合璧，笑看雅思迷。

III.阅读先看题——找到顺序感

真题的顺序

一篇雅思阅读文章后附有2～4种题型，大多数情况下共13道题目，

这样3篇文章就组成了40道题。这是从试卷表面能够清晰看到的。

而从表面上看不到的是，雅思阅读真题试卷有2种出题顺序。

顺序1：各题型按原文顺序安排（“正序”）

顺序2：各题型乱序组合（“混搭”）

正序

正序设计如同按年代时间顺序摄制而成的纪录片，

十分易于跟随理解。

真题事例A（正序）

《剑桥雅思8》第41页Test2 Reading Passage1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Sheet glass manufacture: the float process

Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃)this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and w as labour intensive.

Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuousribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually

any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both

sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.

The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The m etal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600~C), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500~C). The best metal for the job was tin.

The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring moltenglass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604~C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six millimetre glass.

Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced

his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of

non-stop production, costing the company ￡100, 000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.

Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes - melting, refining, homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a c omplex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It a dds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.

The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6. 8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million

locating flaws the measurements a second to be made across the ribbon,

unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.

Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.

Questions 1-8

Complete the table and diagram below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

Early methods of producing flat glass

Method Advantages Disadvantages

1……………………· Glass remained

2. ……………………· Slow

·3 ……………………

Ribbon · Could produce glass

sheets of varying

4 ……………………

· Non-stop process · Glass was 5…………………………·　·20% of glass rubbed away · Machines were expensive

Pilkington's float process

Questions 9-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.

10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.

11 Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.

12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.

13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.

我们来通过下图说明剑桥雅思阅读的出题顺序：

文章第1段第

2

段

第

3

段

第4

段

第5

段

第

6

段

第

7

段

第

8

段

题

型

1

Quenstion1-8 1,2,3 4,5 6,7,8

题

型

2

Quenstion9-13 9 10,11 12 13

这篇文章考查两种题型（也可理解为三种）：Table（填表）+Diagram （填图），和TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN判断题。

我们看到了每种题型内部的顺序原则；同时也看到了两种题型之间宏观的顺序（第9题稍有例外）；我们还看到了文章中有的自然段不

设题，比如上文末段在真实考试中是不用读的，因为没有考题涉及。

所以对这篇文章，正确的处理顺序是：

Step1:看文章标题；

Step2:看文章后题型组合；

Step3:看1～3题，发现题目中好理解记忆的定位词是slow, method; Step4:回到原文开始快速阅读，注意到首段最后出现took a long time, 意识到是slow 的同义表达，停止往下阅读，开始往前精读，理解相关信息，查找答案做题；

Step5:完成1～3题后，看4～5题，心中记住定位词Ribbon,回原文从第2段开始快速阅读。

,,（循环重复此过程）阅读先看题，定位快寻觅

对于这种各题型按原文顺序安排的文章，考生只需要顺着题型和题号顺序，在原文中边读边做，那么一篇文章读完一遍，所有的题目

也就做完了。这是这篇文章最快速的雅思阅读方法，也很简单。但

遗憾的是，按这种顺序出题的文章较少。每本《剑桥雅思真题》中

收录有4套以前的A类阅读考试真题，共12篇，其中只有不到一半是如此出题。真实考试中碰到的概率小于50%。

乱序

这种混搭或者说错乱剪辑法，是现代电影中最常见的

模式。这样的好处是：

优点1：测试更为全面。因为可以在一个段落里用多角度、不同的测

试点去考查，减少单题型的测试偏差。

优点2：不缺少推动力。因为各个题型循环推荐，可读性会更强，更

有助于学生理解原文。凡是不出题的段落，我们称之为没有冲突的

情节，这样的情节往往是舒缓的，不影响对全文的理解。

多数雅思阅读文章是按照各题型乱序组合来出题的。

真题示例 A

《剑桥雅思8》第18页Test1 Reading Passage1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

A According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and

long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began

to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal

activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to

regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.

B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social

impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons.

latitudes were Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower

influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more

northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.

C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a

municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days

added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was

marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At

the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the

all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen

spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in

the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of

darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen

equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because

their duration varied according to the changing length of days and

nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long,

winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes

were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them

through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.

D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials,

which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night.

One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom

through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not

always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.

E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to

maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With

these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight.

Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which

split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.

F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in

Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century,

a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and

thus was not very efficient.

1670,

G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in

in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based

device shaped like a ship's a nchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device

tooth of the escape wheel, in turn so that it catches and then releases each

allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early

pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a

very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum

which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new

floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.

H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.

A-H.

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the

calendar in farming communities

3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using

uniform hours

Questions 5-8

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below. Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.

6 They divided the day into two equal halves.

7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.

8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.

List of Nationalities

A.Babylonians

B.Egyptians

C.Greeks

D.English

E.Germans

F.French

Questions 9-13 Label the diagram below.

Choose N O MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

H ow th e 1670 l ever-base d d evi ce

escapement (resembling

small arc

我们来看一下这篇文章的出题顺序：

文章A

段

B

段

C

段

D

段

E

段

F段G段H

段

题

型1

Quenstion1-4 2 1 4 3

题

型2

Quenstion5-8 8 5 6 7

题

型3

Quenstion9-13 9,10,11,12,13

这篇文章考查三种题型：Paragraph Matching(段落信息匹配题)、Relation Matching(关系匹配题)和Diagram(填图题)。

我们看到前两种匹配题型内部乱序；同时也看到了各题型之间宏观乱序混合；还看到了第三种填图题答案集中于G段；答案常集中，原是送分题最后我们仍然看到了文章中有的自然段不设题，比如上文H段。

处理这篇文章，如果考生按题号顺序先做第1题，就会先从A段读到D段；再做第2题时，又会读B段。将来做第8题时，还会重读A段。这是效率不高的阅读方法。如果考生按题型顺序做题，先做完第一种段落信息匹配题时，

整篇文章会读一遍。当他再做第二种关系匹配题时，又需要回原文阅读。这是

耗时的错误的阅读方法。

IV.定位快寻觅——正确选择定位词

什么是定位词呢？

定位词又称关键词、核心词、keywords。它们是题目中的单词，并能代表这

道题目的特点。通过它们能快速定位找到该题目的原文出处。阅读先看题，定位快寻觅

真经定位词

在整个雅思阅读真经的教学体系中，我们把题目中的keywords定义为以下三种：◆特殊词汇：题目中出现的数字、大写、特殊符号、长相怪异的词（吸引眼球）

◆朴素词汇：简单、具体的词（好理解、容易记、同义词少）

◆逻辑词汇：表示重要的语法结构（并列结构、因果关系、转折对比等）

选择定位词的注意事项

★选择定位词有三个原则：第一，快速定位，即找起来快。第二，唯一定位，比如文章主题词再怪异都不能作为题目的定位词，因为全文都有这个词，出现概率太高，无法准确定位。第三，组合定位，指一道题目的定位词很可能不止一个，可以选两三个词逐步精确定位。

★一般我们很少选题目中抽象的单词作为定位词，如：description, development, importance等，因为这些词有很强的归纳性，原文原词重现的概率低，多数考生

对此不敏感。

★有的题目本身很短，或浅显易懂，可以不用选择定位词。比如一些匹配题和段落中心（Headings）的选项。